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Every cell in the human body needs energy to survive and do its different functions, if we are talking

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about our brain cell it needs energy to keep stimulating other brain cells and sending on signals and

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messages. If it's muscle cell it needs energy to contract they need energy just to do the basic function of a cell

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and the place where they get that energy from or the primary source of that energy is from

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glucose, and glucose is a simple sugar. if you actually tasted glucose, it would taste sweet. And glucose

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gets delivered to cells through the blood stream. So this right here, I'm drawing some blood that's

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passing by a cell, maybe the blood is going in that direction over there and inside blood let me draw

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some small glucose molecules passing by. So in an ideal situation when the cell needs energy ,

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glucose will enter the cell. unfortunately it's not that simple for the great majority of cell in human

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body. The glucose won't enter by itself, it needs the assistance of a hormone or a molecule called insulin.

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So let me label all of these, this is glucose and it needs insulin

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so let me draw insulin here as a magenta molecule. There. that is INSULIN

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and in the surface of this cells there are insulin receptors on them

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and I've drawn a simplified version of them -- places where these magenta circles can attach

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can bind, and what happens is that in order for the glucose to be taken up by the cell

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insulin has to attach to this receptors which unlock the channels for glucose

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in order for the glucose to be taken up by the cell, insulin has to bind to the insulin receptors

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and once that happens then the glucose can be taken up by the cell

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now unfortunately things don't work always as planned. So let me draw a couple of scenarios here

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let me draw my simple version of a cell, and let me draw the blood stream going by... right over here

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and draw the glucose in the blood stream, floating by, and then I have my insulin receptors

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on the surface of the cell. Now the first thing that could go wrong here is: What if the body does not produce insulin?

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Insulin is produced in the Pancreas, what happens if the pancreas is not producing insulin properly?

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so.. no insulin. In this situation there is nothing to bind to these receptors, so the

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glucose channels won't be opened up and the glucose won't be able to enter into the cell

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This situation is "Type I Diabetes"

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where you have glucose, so there you have energy and you have properly functioning insulin receptors,

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you just don't have insulin to unlock the gates for the glucose to actually go into the cell

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the other scenario that you could imagine happening is...let me draw the cell again and the blood stream

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and obviously that is one of trillions of cells in the human body. We have an estimated ten to one-hundred trillion cells

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so this is just a simple diagram to get the point across. So, once again let me draw some glucose floating by...

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some insulin receptors on the cell, and let's have some insulin. So our Pancreas is producing insulin

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and putting it into our bloodstream, so it's there to be used.

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but a situation can arise where the receptors are not working properly,

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and they have been desensitized to insulin. In this situation, the receptors have difficulty binding to the insulin.

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and glucose does not enter the cell. Thus, in either one of these scenarios

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and let's just think in a broad sense. Oh, and I didn't even name the second scenario here

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The second one, as you can imagine, if this up here is Type 1 , this down here is Type 2 diabetes.

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Now, one way of managing Type 1 diabetes is to inject insulin into the bloodstream.

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The only problem here, and it's a big one, is that there is no insulin in the bloodstream. So, over here we can inject insulin.

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So, you'll have insulin to attach to the receptors, and so the glucose can be processed properly.

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With Type 2 diabetes, there are multiple lines of attack.

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To help Type 2 diabetes, drugs and lifestyle changes can be used to help resensitize the body to insulin and glucose.

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Just like with Type 1, insulin can also be injected into the bloodstream. Now, you might say "Wait! I already have insulin here...

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why would I add MORE insulin?". Remember, just because the cells

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are desensitized, it doesn't mean they won't bind with insulin, it just means it will take MORE insulin

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to uptake the same amount of glucose. So, if you add enough insulin, there may be enough

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to bind with the insulin receptors and cause some glucose absorption.

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But, there's multiple lines of attack here, and usually the first is drugs that help resensitize the receptors.

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The last thing I want to cover is what would happen if you didn't treat the diabetes.

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There are two major problems here: 1. Your cells can't function without glucose.

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and another problem would be that sugar in the blood -- once concentrated enough

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it can actually cause a lot of damage to the body.

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So, you don't want either one of these things happening, you don't want too much sugar flowing in your blood and harming your body.